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The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles , is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France, approximately 15 miles southwest of Paris. It is also known as the Château de Versailles.

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The Palace of Versailles cover an area of 8,150,265 square meters (87,728,720 square feet), or 2,014 acres, making it the World’s Largest Royal Domain.

The palace itself contains 67,002 square meters (721,206 square feet) of floorspace.

The palace was built in the 17th century for King Louis XIV, The Sun King, who was France’s King at the time.

The court of Versailles was the center of political power in France for little more than a century (from 1682 until 1789) when the French Revolution began.

Versailles is there fore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.

The palace was almost destroyed during the French Revolution, as a result of which, its importance and utility decreased.

In the 19th century the “Museum of the History of France” was founded in Versailles, at the behest of Louis-Philippe I, who ascended to the throne in 1830.

One of the most famous rooms is the Hall of Mirrors.It has 17 huge mirrored arches opposite 17 windows. Each one of the arch contains 21 mirrors, which makes it a massive 357 in all. The hall is 73 meters (239.5 feet) long, 10.5 meters (34.4 feet) wide, and 12.3 meters (40.4 feet) high. The ceilings of the hall have intricate paintings and the borders of the wall are decorated with gilded statues. The several glass chandeliers that hang from its ceiling, are another beautiful aspect of the hall. On special occasions, the Hall of Mirrors was lit with as many as 20,000 candles to transform it into a “corridor of light”.

There had been four chapels earlier, the present chapel of Versailles is the fifth, consecrated to Saint Louis (or Louis IX of France) patron saint of the Bourbons, was finally finished in 1710. While sometimes called Baroque, the chapel is more restrained that Italian Baroque churches, with none of the curves and undulations associated with this theatrical architecture. In some ways the chapel also seems Gothic, given its narrow and high nave, stained glass, and vaulted ceiling.

The Grand Apartments of the king and queen, built for Louis XIV by Le Vau in the 1670s. The King’s Apartments – or Grands Appartements du Roi – are a succession of salons dedicated to the gods and planets, used for court functions.

The opulent Queen’s Apartments include the private rooms and the golden queen’s bedchamber, whose hidden door was used by Marie-Antoinette to escape the Paris mob during the early days of the Revolution.

The Royal Opera of Versailles or L’Opéra Royal de Versailles, is the main theatre and opera house of the Palace of Versailles. Designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, it is also known as the Théâtre Gabriel. The interior decoration by Augustin Pajou is constructed almost entirely of wood, painted to resemble marble in a technique known as faux marble. The excellent acoustics of the opera house are at least partly due to its wooden interior. It can accommodate more than 700 people at a time.

The Garden of Versailles is spread across 1,976 acres, and is one of the biggest gardens in the world. 210,000 flowers and 200,000 trees are planted annually in The Garden of Versailles. In 1979, the gardens along with the château were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The most acclaimed example of formal French garden design, Versailles’ vast chateau gardens are famed for their geometrically aligned terraces, tree-lined paths, ponds and canals.

The marvel of the gardens of Versailles – then as now – is the fountains.It has 50 spectacular fountains with 620 jets, which were installed to entertain the guests. A lot of these fountains still use the same hydraulics network, which was built by the Royal Family.

The golden gate of the Palace of Versailles has been replaced in 2008. These gates were destroyed by the common people during the French revolution. Replicas of the 80-metre steel gate decorated with 100,000 gold leaves were made with help of private donors contributed 5 million euros (8 million dollars).

It took 36,000 workers to construct the palace, along with its gardens. After its completion, it could accommodate as many as 5,000 people at a time.

The Palace of Versailles has a total number of 2,153 windows, 1,200 fireplaces, 700 rooms, over 67 staircases.

A lot of the furniture and artwork in the palace was sold or moved to the museums during the French Revolution. It was only during the palace’s restoration that the original artwork was placed in the palace’s museum.

The Palace of Versailles was decorated with valuable paintings and works of art. It contained an estimated 6,000 paintings and 5,000 pieces of furniture and other objects.

King Louis XIV spent one third of the total building budget of the palace, on its fountains alone.

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The gardens of Versailles have approximatly 400 sculptures.

The kitchens of the palace alone had hundreds of servants, in spite of which the King’s meals were often served cold, due to the distance between the kitchen and the dining room.

Actual building costs for Versailles are debated by modern historians, because currency values are uncertain. However, Versailles’ price tag ranges anywhere from two billion dollars (in 1994 USD) all the way up to a maximum cost of $299,520,000,000!

More than 4 million people visit Versailles each year.

The creation of the gardens of Versailles is the context for a film directed by Alan Rickman and released in 2015, in which Kate Winslet plays a fictional landscape gardener and Rickman plays King Louis XIV.

Coordinates: 52°7′17.15″N4°59′10.85″E / 52.1214306°N 4.9863472°E

De Haar Castle (Dutch: Kasteel de Haar) is located in Utrecht, Netherlands.

Original site[edit]

The oldest historical record of a building at the location of the current castle dates to 1391. In that year, the De Haar family received the castle and the surrounding lands as a fiefdom from Hendrik van Woerden. The castle remained in the ownership of the De Haar family until 1440, when the last male heir died childless. The castle then passed to the Van Zuylen family. In 1482, the castle was burned down and the walls were destroyed, except for the parts that did not have a military function. These parts probably were incorporated into the castle when it was rebuilt during the early 16th century. The castle is mentioned in an inventory of the possessions of Steven van Zuylen from 1506, and again in a list of fiefdoms in the province Utrecht from 1536. The oldest image of the castle dates to 1554 and shows that the castle had been largely rebuilt by then. After 1641, when Johan van Zuylen van de Haar died childless, the castle seems to have gradually fallen into ruins. The castle escaped total destruction by the French during the Rampjaar 1672.

In 1801 the last Catholic van Zuylen in the Netherlands, the bachelor Anton-Martinus van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1708–1801), bequeathed the property to his cousin Jean-Jacques van Zuylen van Nyevelt (1752–1846) of the Catholic branch in the Southern Netherlands.

1892 restoration[edit]

In 1887, Jean-Jacques' grandson, Etienne Gustave Frédéric Baron van Zuylen van Nyevelt van de Haar (1860–1934), married Baroness Hélène de Rothschild, of the Rothschild family. When Etienne inherited the ruined castle in 1890 from his grandfather, the couple set about rebuilding the castle, fully financed by Hélène's family.^[1] For the restoration of the castle, they contracted famous architect Pierre Cuypers. He would work on this project for 20 years (from 1892 to 1912).^[2] The castle has 200 rooms and 30 bathrooms, of which only a small number on the ground floor have been opened to be viewed by the public. Cuypers placed a statue of himself in a corner of the gallery on the first floor.

The castle was equipped by Cuypers with the most modern gadgets, such as electrical lighting with its own generator, and central heating by way of steam. This installation is internationally recognized as an industrial monument.^{[citation needed]} The kitchen was for that period also very modern and still has a large collection of copper pots and pans and an enormous furnace approximately 6 metres long, which is heated with peat or coals. The tiles in the kitchen are decorated with the coats of arms of the families De Haar and Van Zuylen, which were for this purpose especially baked in Franeker. Cuypers emphasized the difference between the old and new walls by using different kinds of bricks. For the interior Cuypers made extensive use of cast iron.

Many details in the castle refer to the Rothschild family, such as the Stars of David on the balconies of the knight's hall, the motto of the family on the hearth in the knight's hall (A majoribus et virtute) and the coat of arms of the family right underneath on the hearth in the library.

Interior[edit]

The interior of the castle is decorated with richly ornamented woodcarving, reminiscent of the interior of a Roman Catholic church. This carving was made in the workshop of Cuypers in Roermond, who even designed the tableware. The interior is furnished with many works from the Rothschild collections, including beautiful old porcelain from Japan and China, and several old Flemish tapestries and paintings with religious illustrations. The centrepiece is a carrier coach of the wife of a Japanese shōgun, which reportedly is only one of two worldwide, the other one being exhibit in Tokyo. Japanese tourists come to De Haar to admire this coach, which was donated from the Rothschilds' collections.

Park and gardens[edit]

Surrounding the castle there is a park, designed by Hendrik Copijn [nl], for which Van Zuylen ordered 7,000 grown trees. Because these could not be transported through the city of Utrecht, Van Zuylen bought a house and demolished it. The park contains many waterworks and a formal garden reminiscent of the French gardens of Versailles. During the Second World War many of the gardens were lost, because the wood was used to light fires, and the soil was used to grow vegetables. Today most are restored to their original state.

For the decoration of the park, the village Haarzuilens, except for the town church, was demolished. The inhabitants were moved to a place a kilometre away, where a new Haarzuilens arose and where they lived as tenants of the lord of the castle. This new village was also built in a pseudo-medieval style, including a rural village green. The buildings were for the most part designed by Cuypers and his son Joseph Cuypers. Since 2000, the estate is partly owned by Natuurmonumenten.

Arms[edit]

The colours of the family Van Zuylen are red and white. The coat of arms consists of three red columns on a white field. The different branches of this family differ slightly on these colours. This coat of arms does not only live on in the colours of the castle, but also in nearly all of the houses of Haarzuilens, even in the newly constructed ones.

Current ownership[edit]

In 2000, the family Van Zuylen van Nyevelt passed ownership of the castle and the gardens (45 ha) to the foundation Kasteel de Haar. However, the family retained the right to spend one month per year in the castle. In the same year, the Dutch society Natuurmonumenten bought the surrounding estate of 400 ha.^[3] An extensive restoration programme of the castle and the gardens was initiated in 2001 and was completed in 2011.^[4]

After the death in 2011 of the last male heir, Thierry van Zuylen, his daughters also sold the castle's art collection and furnishings to the new owners.

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Fairs[edit]

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The castle terrain is regularly used for fairs and markets, such as the Elf Fantasy Fair.

Gallery[edit]

• De Haar Castle

• De Haar Castle

• De Haar Castle

• De Haar Castle

• De Haar Castle entrance

• View from the west side of the moat

• View from the south side of the moat

• Panorama of De Haar Castle's main building

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See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Kasteeldehaar.nlArchived 2002-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^Kransberg, Doriann; Mils, Hans (1979). Kastelengids van Nederland. Middeleeuwen (in Dutch). Bussum: Unieboek. pp. 78–80. ISBN90-228-3856-0.
3. ^'Foundation Kasteel de Haar'. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
4. ^'Restoration programme'. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.

External links[edit]